Leave no traceEvery hiker/camper has experienced trails, campsites, lake shores and meadows near civilization or even far into the wilderness, where you would hope things could remain pristine, adversely impacted by others. The hurt to the beauty and health of the outdoor places we love ranges from litter people didn't even notice they dropped, to initials carved in trees, trampled wildflowers, animals we won't be able to watch because they are afraid of people, animals used to being fed tidbits who harass us as we stop to eat at a viewpoint or chew into a pack left sitting, to a cliff wall blackened by smoke from a badly placed campfire.
Many people think of Leave No Trace (LNT) skills as for backcounty visitors only, but they certainly apply to day hikers and people who mostly see parks through the windows of their cars. Not littering is a simple way to show respect for others, appropriate everywhere and checking where we sat to eat for stray twist ties only takes a moment. Most parks have recycling bins easily available, or we can toss the empties back into the cooler and bring them home with us.
But there are many more subtle ways to protect and preserve access to our limited recreational resources. An added benefit to applying Leave No Trace techniques is that we make trips safer and more fun while insuring a positive experience for our group and anyone else we encounter. One person alone can make a difference in the environment by changing their own behavior and being a role model for others. The impacts of minor actions may seem insignificant, but when multiplied by the thousands of people who hike, climb, boat, backpack, etc. every year they can be significant and long lasting.
Why would people not act to leave no trace of their passing through an area? Many do not know the effects they have; some don't take the time to learn regulations. Smokers who leave behind butts are often blissfully ignorant of the fact that they don't break down easily and of the harm they do to the health of animals. Personal resolve is required, but perhaps more important, an in-depth knowledge of LNT principles makes them easier to apply for people who have an environmentally friendly attitude to begin with and want to base their backcountry and frontcountry decisions not only on how actions will impact the environment but also how they may affect other visitors as well.
Below are quotes/notes mostly from Yosemite National Park and Grand Teton National Park Leave No Trace and wilderness regulations websites, with a few additions, for the consideration of De Anza College Outdoor Club trip participants.
1. Plan Ahead and Prepare
Grand Canyon rangers say: Depending on how prepared you are, your trip can be a vacation or a challenge, a revelation or an ordeal.
A little preparation can go a long way in reducing your impact on the environment. Plan your trip to avoid sensitive areas, learn in advance any permitting issues, and travel in small groups to reduce impact. Small steps, like re-packaging food and carrying the equipment that you will need to stay warm (a lightweight stove, extra clothing etc.) without having to light a fire, help you to minimize evidence of your passage.
Know the regulations and special concerns of the park. Respect "No Trespassing" signs. If property boundaries are unclear, do not enter the area.
Restrictions on where you can camp are often based on past abuse and the special conditions of an area, hence, people can no longer camp on top of Half Dome in Yosemite.
Prepare for extreme weather, hazards, and emergencies. Be informed of current weather conditions and other area information. Snow or rain camp must-haves
Be physically and mentally ready for your trip. Know the ability of every member of you group.
Select terrain and mileage based on what your group can handle.
Schedule your trip to avoid times of high use.
Visit in small groups. Split larger parties into smaller groups.
Repackage food to minimize waste. If you bring a entire huge box of something you will not actually eat all of, you could end up with leftover spoiling food you think you want to bury rather than pack out. If you repackage the actual amount of food you will eat into ziplock bags and leave the cardboard boxes behind in the recycling bin you will have less to pack out. One-pot meals contribute to the creation of less bulk and therefore less garbage.
2. Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces
To leave a lighter footprint, travel and camp on durable surfaces, including pavement, rock, gravel, dry grass and snow.
In popular areas, stick to established trails and campsites to concentrate impact and preserve the surrounding areas. Except at a designated backcountry campsite, don't camp near water. Camp at least 200 feet away from water sources. It is probably against the rules of your permit to camp near water because areas near water are more fragile and animals who need to get to water my be frightened away.
In places where few people ever go, spread out to disperse your impact, and avoid areas where impact is visible.
Stay on the existing trail, never shortcut switchbacks.
When you stop to rest, be careful not to mash vegetation. Sit on rocks, logs, or in clearings.
Good campsites are found, not made. Altering a site is not necessary.
In popular areas:
Concentrate use on existing trails and campsites.
Walk single-file in the middle of the trail, even when wet or muddy. (Even when it is slower and harder to walk in the worn trail.)
Keep campsites small. Restrict activities to the area where vegetation is compacted or absent.
Use a large plastic water container to collect water so you don't need to make frequent trips to the water source.
In pristine areas:
Disperse use to prevent the creation of campsites and trails.
Avoid places where impacts are just beginning. (Just stepping once with your big boots on some tiny 100 year old high altitude plants can kill them.) Do not clear new tent sites or build windbreaks. It is permissible to use existing established rock windbreaks. Moving rocks exposes fragile roots of alpine plants and causes the plants to die. Alpine plants depend on the shelter for rocks to survive.
If there is no designated campsite, choose a previously impacted campsite at least 100 feet (30 meters/40 paces) or as required by your permit, from any water source or trail.
Avoid enlarging existing sites and never scrape or clean a site of leaves and needles. This cushion is necessary for erosion and trampling control.
You may see trails rerouted or campsites closed so scars from overuse can heal and plants can reestablish. Please respect these efforts by staying out of closed areas and by using existing trails.
3. Dispose of Waste Properly. Pack It In, Pack It Out.
It is essential to maintaining the beauty of our parks to take all the things you brought in back out with you again, including all trash, leftover food, and litter.
Proper waste disposal not only keeps the backcountry looking pristine, it is extremely important for health and safety of campers and wildlife. Over 100 bacteria, protozoans, and viruses are potentially present in human feces and capable of causing illness
On longer trips learn how and where to dig a cathole, and carry out all toilet paper and garbage. Protect wildlife from your food by storing food and trash securely.
When we get to our campsite we always inspect it for trash or spilled foods and clean it up (including one year, recent horse droppings in an area where horses were not allowed) . Be careful with small pieces of trash such as candy wrappers and twist ties that often fall out of pockets and litter trails. If you used a candle lantern, watch out for and clean up wax drippings. Don't bury any trash, even orange peels you think will biodegrade.
Please pick up after less thoughtful people who have gone before you. Have a small trash bag handy on the trail, big enough for more than your own trash. We have had competitions to see who could find and clean up the most (or weirdest) litter.
If a bear does get your food, you are responsible for cleaning up and packing out all debris, and for reporting it to the nearest ranger.
(Yosemite) Deposit solid human waste in catholes (personal latrine) dug six inches deep at least 100 feet from water, camp, and trails. Cover and disguise the cathole when finished. (Grand Teton) Prevent contamination of waterways by burying feces in a hole 6-8 inches deep at least 200 feet from streams, lakes and wetlands (Everywhere) Pack out used toilet paper, tampons, sanitary napkins and diapers in sealed plastic bags. Do not bury or burn them or dump anything in the backcountry outhouses.
To truly be able to leave no trace and follow backcountry rules about camping the proper distance from a lake or digging your personal latrine hole the proper distance from water, etc., you will need to know how far 100 feet is. Lay out a tape measure at home and walk it and count your paces.
Digging one big latrine for multiple people to use is
not recommended, as "the digging and use of temporary latrines by backcountry visitors is almost always an inappropriate method for disposal. The larger the concentration of feces, the more time needed for decomposition, which increases both the likelihood that feces will be discovered by other visitors and that pathogens will come into contact with ground water."
Urinate on durable surfaces (rocks, gravel, or snow) that will not be damaged by animals digging for salts and minerals found in urine.
On a day hike, use the restroom/outhouse at the trailhead even if you don't think you need to, so you might create one less hole in the ground.
On our Teton kayak overnight it could be more responsible to have no-cook meals or hot meals that only require pouring boiling water over food or wait to clean other pans until we get back to civilization.
If you must wash yourself or your dishes, carry water 100 feet away from streams or lakes and use small amounts of biodegradable soap. Strain food particles from dishwater and pack them out so they don't attract animals. Scatter dishwater at least 100 yards from the campsite. Do not put any soap in water (even biodegradable and natural soap pollutes). You really don't need to wash your hair on a one night overnight. Think hat/bandanna/braids. One a one might overnight when we kayak in we can afford the weight of baby wipes for personal freshness instead of leaving behind soapy washwater at all.
(Tetons) "On Jackson lake all solid human waste must be removed from any campsite or shoreline area for proper disposal. At the Lower Saddle in Garnet Canyon, all solid human waste must be carried out. In Garnet Canyon and in other high-use areas, such as Hidden Falls and Inspiration Point, it is also suggested that solid human waste is carried out. Bags for removal are given out at several locations."
Yosemite climbers: "Don't leave food or water at the top or on ledges for future parties...Don't leave fixed ropes as permanent fixtures on approaches and descents. These are considered abandoned property and will be removed...Clean extra, rotting slings off anchors when you descend. Bring earth-toned slings to leave on anchors."
Cigarette butts are not biodegradable. Smokers choose filtered cigarettes to be able to breath in less tar, formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide. When the filters are left to decay they can release toxic chemicals including the pesticide nicotine, benzene, lead, arsenic and cadmium into soil and waterways. Recent experiments show that one butt has enough poisons to kill half the minnows in a liter of water a standard laboratory test for toxins in 96 hours. It only takes two butts to make a small animal seriously ill or even kill them.
"[Cigarette butts] also present a threat to wildlife. Cigarette filters have been found in the stomachs of fish, birds, whales and other marine creatures who mistake them for food ... Composed of cellulose acetate, a form of plastic, cigarette butts can persist in the environment as long as other forms of plastic."
--Clean Virginia Waterways
4. Leave What You Find
Preserve the past: examine, but do not touch, cultural or historic structures and artifacts. Some places say climbers should not disturb old pitons.
Leave rocks, plants, seeds, feathers and other natural objects as you find them.
If everybody on a given trail on a given day (you might not see all of them but on popular trails there can be over a thousand people hiking per day) took "only one" flower out of that meadow there really would be none left for others to enjoy. Finding an antler, arrowhead, nest, fossils, pot sherds, stone points, dinosaur bones, or petrified rock can be a special experience, leave them for others to be as lucky. The principle of leaving what you find undisturbed even applies to the rocks, pretty colored pebbles and pinecones that there seem to be so many of
Do not build structures, furniture, tree bough beds. Never hammer nails into trees or girdle trunks with tent lines. Avoid leveling the tent site.
Climbers should not chisel or glue holds.
Don't dig trenches around your tent...even if it is really, really, really rainy.
Use the hammock at home, it will damage, even if it is ever so slightly, the tree you tie it to.
Some parks have specific exceptions, such as "you may harvest up to one gallon of berries for personal consumption."
Avoid introducing or transporting non-native species. Before entering a park, check all vehicles, clothing, ( including your boot treads) and gear for weed parts and seeds, and remove them. Some potential firewood should not be transported to new areas, as in "sudden oak death."
Help stop aquatic hitchhikers.
Remove any visible mud, plants, fish or animals before transporting aquatic equipment.
Eliminate water from equipment before transporting.
Clean and dry anything that came in contact with water (Boats, trailers, equipment, clothing, dogs, etc.).
Never release plants, fish or animals into a body of water unless they came out of that body of water.
5. Minimize Campfire Impacts
Campfires can cause lasting impacts to the backcountry. Instead, consider using a lightweight stove for cooking and a candle lantern for light. Even if you think you can have a legal campfire, you should have a stove to cook on as fires may be suddenly prohibited due to dry weather or impossible due to heavy rain.
Fires are permitted with a wilderness permit in Yosemite wilderness areas, unless otherwise noted. No additional fire permit is needed. However, fires are allowed in existing fire rings only, and prohibited above 9,600 feet in elevation (Yosemite) above 10,400 feet (some other parks).
Use dead and down wood only. Only use sticks from the ground that can be broken by hand, do not break dead branches off trees. Do not burn any trash, including toilet paper. Don't try to burn tin foil, it just turns into ugly specks in the firepit and releases chemicals.
Use established fire rings or fire pans, don't build new fire rings and create more blackened rocks.
Keep fires small. Don't try to burn a huge log Use only dead and down wood which is wrist size or smaller so that it can be burned completely before you leave
the campsite.
Burn all wood and coals to ash and put out campfires completely.
Extinguish all campfires when unattended.
Fires are prohibited in Teton backcountry camping zones in the mountains. On Jackson Lake, Leigh Lake and Phelps Lake they are allowed most of the times in existing grates only.
At any designated backcountry campsite, all the burnable, not green, not rotted firewood has been used up by others. On our kayaking wilderness overnight in Grand Teton we stop during the portage, collect firewood a bit off trail, fill available space in the kayaks and always have plenty for ourselves and to leave a bit behind for others. We clean out the bits of trash from the firepit, and litter in the campsite when we arrive and check again before leaving.
With the potential exception of roasted marshmallows, we only cook on a stove in the wilderness. Save the BBQ and it's animal attracting drippings, for established not-backcountry campgrounds. Save the pasta meals that require a huge pan of water to boil (and require water disposal after) for the established not-backcountry campgrounds. Backpacking Advice includes low-cook foods ideas.
Reason campfires might be banned by a park you visit include: a ban on fires due to dry weather, certain times of the day in places where they create smog (like Yosemite Valley), ban on fires where there is not a lot of down firewood and where collecting the few dead branches would leave less for the insects and animals that depend on them (for example, at high elevations).
A cliff face blackened from campfire smoke not only is ugly, it shows that the people did not know how to stay warm. They built their fire up against the cliff face or huge boulder to try to reflect the heat towards them. If they had set the fire away from the rock and used the rock face as a backrest they would have been warmer.
6. Respect Wildlife
Sharing wilderness with the animals that live there is a particularly rewarding experience and also a delicate balancing act. Pursuing an animal to get that perfect picture, or luring them closer with your lunch, destroys that balance and endangers the wildlife. Protect wildlife by maintaining a healthy distance and keeping your food secure.
Loud noises and quick movements are stressful to wildlife. Many birds are sensitive to human presence and may abandon their nest if disturbed, even during the nest building stage. If they abandon the nest even briefly when there are eggs or chicks they may not survive, hence the seasonal trail closures or complete closures of some islands for nesting swans and Bald Eagles. Some climbing routes in Yosemite are closed each year from March 1 until August 1 or until the young falcons of the current year have fledged. You will really want your own binoculars on our Tetons trip.
Willfully remaining near or approaching wildlife, including birds, within ANY distance that disturbs or displaces the animal is against the law. Feeding, touching, teasing, frightening, or intentionally disturbing wildlife is prohibited.
When bears get used to human food Rangers have tried trapping and relocating them, but they almost always come back. Hazing them sometimes works, but most often they have to be killed when they get too close to people. An average of about 1 black bear a year is killed by park officials in Grand Teton National Park "because of human food conditioning and aggressing behavior that threatens humans. Many of the incidents that result in bears becoming human food conditioned occur in campgrounds due to visitors’ non-compliance with food storage regulations.
Observe wildlife from a distance. Do not follow or approach them.
Never feed animals. Feeding wildlife damages their health, alters natural behaviors, and exposes them to predators and other dangers.
Protect wildlife and your food by storing rations and trash in bear canisters.
Leave pets at home.
Avoid wildlife during sensitive times: mating, nesting, raising young, or winter.
Animal calls, audio attractants or other means of attracting or disturbing wildlife are prohibited.
Drive the speed limit. "Watch for wildlife crossing the roads at dusk and dawn and drive with caution at night; bison are especially difficult to see at night and can weigh up to one ton."
Respect Public Use Closures. Check at visitor centers, wilderness permit centers and boat ramp bulletin boards for areas that have been closed to protect park visitors, park wildlife, and other sensitive resources. Closed areas are posted with signs.
"Don't pick up or touch baby birds and other young wildlife. Many baby birds can be found on the ground when they first leave the nest and are NOT orphaned,
sick, or injured. It is normal for young birds that are not yet able to
fly to be on the ground. In fact, most species of hawks and owls continue
to feed and care for their young well into the fall months. Please help
these baby birds survive by keeping pets on-leash and leaving the area
immediately so the parents can care for their young safely while they are
on the ground. (Yosemite, 7/10/09) "
(Grand Teton) Be a Responsible Wildlife Observer
Use binoculars, spotting scopes or long lenses for close views and photographs. Always maintain a safe distance of at least 300 feet from large animals such as bears, bison, moose and elk.
Never position yourself between an adult and its offspring. Females with young are especially defensive.
It is illegal to feed wildlife, including ground squirrels and birds. Feeding wild animals makes them dependent on people, and animals often bite the hand that feeds them.
Do not harass wildlife. Harassment is any human action that causes unusual behavior, or a change of behavior, in an animal. Repeated encounters with people can have negative, long-term impacts on wildlife, including increased levels of stress and the avoidance of essential feeding areas.
Nesting birds are easily disturbed. For wildlife, raising young is a private affair. If an adult bird on a nest flies off at your approach, or circles you or screams in alarm, you are too close to the nest. Unattended nestlings readily succumb to predation and exposure to heat, cold, and wet weather.
Allow other visitors a chance to enjoy wildlife. If your actions cause an animal to flee, you have deprived other visitors of a viewing opportunity. Use an animal’s behavior as a guide to your actions.
7. Be Considerate of Other Visitors
Respect other visitors and protect the quality of their experience. Loud and rowdy behavior is not only gets in the face of other campers, it can also be dangerous, and having to get a trip member with a broken leg or even just a sprained ankle out of the backcountry becomes time and energy consuming for everyone. When people play active games they often forget they are starting to trample a small meadow and can even forget the location of that stove with water boiling on it, trip on it and get a bad burn. Save the flag football and hacky sack games for closer to hospitals.
Be courteous. Yield to other users on the trail.
Horses and pack stock have the right-of-way. On most trails, step to the downhill side of the trail when encountering horses or pack stock and remain quiet. (In Grand canyon it is required you step off the trail on the uphill side away from the edge.)
Follow the direction of the wrangler. Remain completely quiet and stand perfectly still.
Do not return to the trail until the last mule is 50 feet (15 meters) past your position.
Bicyclists must yield to horse and foot traffic and on most backcountry trails, mountain biking is prohibited. Where cycling is okay, control your speed and let others know before you pass.
Where bikes are allowed foot traffic should not walk side by side on narrow trails when bike traffic is approaching and make the cyclist stop. Move over into single file and share the trail.
Take breaks and with the exception of officially designated wilderness campsites you must use, camp away from trails and other visitors.
Let nature's sounds prevail. Avoid loud voices and noises.
Allow for others to enjoy the peace and solitude of being in the backcountry.
Turn off cell phones unless you must use them, if you do use a cell phone, use it out of sight and sound of other people.
No amplified music in the wilderness.
Speak softly and avoid making loud noises.
Choose hiking, backpacking, and camping gear and clothing that are natural earth tone colors like green, brown, tan. (Some LNT sites also recommend black but it, along with flowery prints and bright colored clothing, attract insects that sting.) Bright colors like white, purple, blue, red and yellow do not blend in with the environment, can be seen from miles away and contribute to a crowded feeling. But do carry at least one item of very visible clothing and/or gear to help rescuers find you if needed.
Where there are backcountry food storage lockers -- share -- that locker is not meant for your whole backpack
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The original Leave No Trace: Center for Outdoor Ethics webpage is at: http://www.lnt.org/
Hiking Advice has hot weather hiking advice, hiking logistics and the answer to the question: When is the best time of day to cross a mountain stream?
Thunderstorm and lightning safety
At altitude
Cell phones in the wilderness has advice on how/when to use a cell phone to contact 911 in the wilderness and a warning about interference between cell phones, iPods and avalanche beacons.
 You can't always expect a helicopter rescue
fatal, near fatal or close call incidents/accidents in camping, backpacking, climbing and mountaineering
GPS is not infallible
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